Legal Challenge Attempt To Stop The Triggering of Article 50

Government lawyers will defend Prime Minister Theresa May of her right to trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon treaty.

Opponents are trying to stop the UK government from going ahead of the Brexit without authorisation by the Parliament.

According to Mrs May she is to invoke the article by the end of March 2017. However, campaigners against Brexit said that Parliament is the only one that can authorise the service of the Article 50 notice.

According to Investment Fund Manager and Philanthropist Gina Miller, her lead case is "all about the sovereignty of parliament and dealing with the Article 50 issues in a serious and 'grown-up way'"

London Hairdresser Deir Dos Santos and a wide group of concerned citizens are also supporting his and her Brexit legal challenge.

The lawyers of the opposition said that it is a fundamental constitutional requirement that there is full scrutiny by both Parliament houses before new legislation.

The case would be heard by Lord Chief Justice Lord Thomas along with Master of the Rolls Sir 

Terence Etherton and Lord Justice Sales.

Attorney General Jeremy Wright along with other government lawyers will argue before the three judges that the challenge lacks merit and the vote to leave the EU is a referendum approved by an Act of Parliament.

Legal Highs Ban Would Push it Into 'Dark Web'

According to the National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime report of the National Crime Agency, the trade of legal highs would further push into the dark web once legislation had successfully banned all legal highs.

An alteration in the law from banning just new legal highs from entering the market into a ban towards all legal highs would prove its moving into uncharted territory.

“Change in legislation around NPS in May 2016 effectively banning so-called 'legal highs’ is likely to see a large increase in these drugs being offered through the dark web instead,” the report, published late last week, reads. According to the report’s methodology, “likely” refers to an “associated probability range” of 75-85 percent.

A UK-based seller named SaintSymbiosis is selling 7 grams of Spice for 0.1094 bitcoins or £50.

Other formerly legal drugs including Benzo Fury are available in the dark web.

Before the ban, people had sourced their legal highs from digital shops on the mainstream web. 

Because of the bans, the sale of the products may move in both the dark web and the black market.

A Home Office spokesperson said, “These dangerous drugs have already cost far too many lives. The Psychoactive Substances Act is sending out a clear message - this government will take whatever action is necessary to keep our families and communities safe. These drugs are not legal, they are not safe and we will not allow them to be sold in this country.

“Legislation is part of our approach to drugs which involves preventing drug use in our communities and helping dependent individuals to recover,” the spokesperson said, “while ensuring our drugs laws are enforced.”

Sharia Courts Creeping In Human Rights A Possibility

UK Prime Minister Theresa May -- during her years as a Home Secretary -- had launched an independent review of the implications of Sharia Law in England and Wales.

Many were concerned with the legalisation of Sharia courts. According to RightsInfo.org Researcher Olivia Percival, the religious law based on Islamic faith may introduce creeping changes in UK human rights.

About 85 Sharia councils operate in the United Kingdom. They rule on family matters including divorce and child custody.

Mrs May's independent review in the application of Sharia Law in England and Wales helps in the assessment of Sharia law being applied compatibly with the English and Welsh law and if it is being used to treat women indiscriminately.

The principle that everyone is equal before the law is imperative in both English and Welsh and Sharia laws. However, minorities make the most vulnerable in their groups especially women and children suffer from littel knowledge regarding their rights.

A second, and related issue, is the standards which are applied in these alternative forums. Because they are not public bodies, they are not bound by the Human Rights Act in the way national courts are. Their judgments may therefore violate human rights, and may in particular be discriminatory towards women.

Under international human rights law, the UK government remains responsible for ensuring that its human rights obligations, including under the UN Women’s Rights Convention, are met, including in minority legal orders which are not formally recognised under national law.

EU Referendum May Have Broken a Few Laws

The EU referendum was handled without much concern for the legal aspect according to Dr. Peter Catterall of the University of Westminster.

He said "The government didn't actually do what it should have done in terms of the legislation."

The government was to present two documents.

"One that sets out the benefits of membership and the other which sets out the alternatives to membership."

"The alternatives to membership, however, didn't actually spell out what the alternatives to membership in great detail," Dr. Catterall says. "What it did was spell out why none of these alternatives to membership are as good as what we've got at the moment. It's a perfectly reasonable thing to do, the problem is that's not quite what the legislation spelled out should happen."

Dr Catterall was not the only person to raise this issue. Before the actual voting for the referendum, Conservative MP Sir William Cash had raised the issue:

"On June 23 the people may not have impartial and accurate information. I believe the government is probably, if not certainly, in breach of their duty under section six and seven of the European Referendum Act 2015."

Dr Catterall said of the statement "Personally, I agree with him. I think the government did not comply with its obligations under the act. Legislation sets out the rules. In this instance, the government have not applied their own rules. I'm quite skeptical that they would apply their own rules in future."

Outdated Comms Law Giving Out More Personal Information To The Government

Telephone laws had protected homes and personal communications from government tampering. But court ruling allows the actual dialling of the numbers be hidden and instead, only basic information including when, where and who you called, were the only ones legally viable for exposure.

The advent of the Internet and its continued growth allow plenty of personal information to legally get in the hands of agencies. A new draft of a study warns that the line between metadata - the only information the government can procure - and private information the digital age has blurred.

The study cites that the Internet is far more complex than the phone network the metadata laws protect. It recommends that electronic surveillance laws and policies must accommodate the complexity.

Co-author Matt Blaze said fixing the problem wouldn't be as simple passing one law or setting a single precedent in court.

"We don't think there's an single fix, and it probably needs to be addressed at every level from individual cases to comprehensive 'clean slate' legislation," Blaze said.

"What is clear is that rules so deeply rooted in the technology of the 20th century phone system are going to yield increasingly unsatisfying results and become less and less useful going forward."

Legal Highs Ban Criminalises Vulnerable People

Data suggests the UK's legal high ban has been effective. The Public Spaces Protection Order or PSPO, given to councils as a new power in October 2014, allowed them to tackle antisocial behaviour in the UK's streets.

The PSPO allows councils to take legal action by banning several activities deemed antisocial, including legal highs. However, critics say that despite the bans, the legal highs, their manufacturers, sellers and customers, would likely increase after the initial dip.

Much of the shops in Britain are now using online services to deliver the substance door to door.

According to Cohen Cramer Law Senior Lawyer Mark Jackson:

“People who are intoxicated and caught by the authorities on the street are not in a position to mount a legal challenge,” he says.

About 15 local authorities have introduced a PSPO that tackled legal highs and behaviour after using the substance. About 15 more local authorities are in the process of approving their PSPOs.

According to councils, they needed to use their powers to ensure the government's check continues in their regions.

Critics said the banning could only stop indecent behaviour and abuse of the drug for a while. But without regulation, the product can still be sold elsewhere. This introduces a huge risk of the products being left unchecked in quality, which could mean a contrast in expected results could happen.

'Legal Highs' Ready To Be Sold Despite Ban

The Psychoactive Substances Act would come in full force this spring. It's already a few weeks in. But the efficacy of the drug law has put many in doubt.

Evidence that large quantities of legal highs are being stockpiled before the implementation of a new law, which I believe could be reminiscent to the bootlegging era of the Volstead Act in the United States, shows how dangerous club drugs are now using huge discounts on their products if customers purchase their products online.

This would place vulnerable addicts at risk especially as the offers and prices are down.

The law was implemented last April 6. But there had been delays.

The government has issued a 21-days notice to the UK parliament before the legislation can be enforced.

The Psychoactive Substances Act bans almost all psychoactive substances except nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and other medical products.

Possession of legal highs though, are legal.

As 'head shops' close down, many estimate the sale of the products to come down to hidden individuals, much to how illegal drugs are also sold on the street.

Some service users have admitted building up drug reserves, according to Edinburgh-based drugs agency Crew 2000.

Some discounts from former 'head shops' go from 10 to 20 per cent on orders over £100. The companies also offer discreet and free next-day delivery.